东大生科发育生物学.ppt

Representative patterns made by changing values of different parameters Reproduction of biological patterns based on Turing model Science 314, 1447 (2006) Wnt and Dkk Determine Hair Follicle Spacing Through an RD Mechanism summary The life cycle fertilization,cleavage,gastrulation,organogenesis,metamorphosis,adulthood, and senescence. Fate mapping Cell fate specification and determination Autonomous specification produces a mosaic pattern of development Conditional specification produces a regulative pattern of development Morphogenesis and cell adhesion /milestones/development/milestones/ Milestones in developmental biology Tissue from the dorsal side of the embryo (dorsal lip of the blastopore) is transplanted to the ventral side of the embryo. The organizer experiment of Mangold and Spemann (1924) D V D V This induces cells on the ventral side of the embryo to form a second neuraxis ventrally Drieschs demonstration of regulative development in sea urchin embryo In conditional specification, cell-cell interactions may be indirect Note: e.g., cell fates can also be specified by a concentration gradient of morphogen Hydras regeneration A gradient model explaining conditional cell specification Activin is responsible for converting animal hemisphere cells into mesoderm Xenopus A gradient of activin causes different gene expression in Xenopus animal cap cells. Conditional specification Specified by interactions between cells. Relative positions are important Correlates with regulative development: allows cells to acquire different functions used by all vertebrates and few invertebrates to determine cell fate Syncytial specification in the fruit fly Syncytial specification Cell fates are determined by morphogen gradients within the egg cytoplasm Characteristic of most insects Notes to cell specification No embryo uses only one mechanism to specify its cells Insects such as Drosophila use all three modes of specification to commit their cells t