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- 约5.9千字
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- 2017-11-10 发布于湖北
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疲劳与断裂课件第二章第二次课
* * 第二章 应力疲劳 2.1 S-N曲线 2.2 平均应力的影响 2.3 影响疲劳性能的若干因素 2.4 缺口疲劳 2.5 变幅载荷谱下的疲劳寿命 2.6 随机谱与循环计数法 返回主目录 2.4 缺口疲劳 (notch effect) 实际零构件 缺口 应力集中 疲劳性能下降。 Almost all machine components and structural members contain some form geometrical or microstructural discontinuities. These discontinuities, or stress concentrations, often result in maximum local stresses at the discontinuity which are many times greater than the nominal stress of the members. In ideally elastic members the ratio of these stresses is designated as Kt , the theoretical stress concentration factor. In the stress-life approach the effect of notches is accounted for by the fatigue notch factor, Kf , which is the ratio between the unnotched fatigue strength of a member and the corresponding notched fatigue strength at a given life. In general, the fatigue notch factor, Kf , is smaller then Kt . 在应力寿命法中,缺口的影响是用疲劳缺口系数Kf 表示的, Kf 是在给定寿命下,无缺口构件疲劳强度与相应的缺口件疲劳强度之比。一般地说,疲劳缺口系数Kf 小于理论弹性应力集中系数Kt 。 2.5 变幅载荷谱下的疲劳寿命 variable amplitude loading Up to now, the discussion about fatigue behavior has dealt with constant amplitude loading. In contrast, most service loading histories have a variable amplitude and can be quite complex. 到目前为止,关于疲劳性能的讨论处理的都是恒幅载荷。然而事实上,大多数使用载荷历程具有可变的幅度且可能相当复杂。 1.变幅载荷谱 典型载荷块:“100起落”,“万公里”,“年”等。 总谱是典型块的重复。 S N (起落次数) 100 200 某飞机主轮毂实测载荷谱 滑行 滑行 滑行 拐弯 拐弯 着陆 着陆 载荷谱分实测谱和设计谱。 设计寿命期内的载荷总谱。 S S1 n3 S2 S3 n2 n1 0 n 设计载荷谱 2. Miner线性累积损伤理论 若构件在某恒幅应力水平S作用下,循环至破坏的寿命为N,则循环至n次时的损伤定义为: D=n/N 若n=0, 则D=0, 构件未受损伤; n D 0 n1 D1 D随循环数n线性增长: N 1 若n=N,则D=1, 发生疲劳破坏。 疲劳破坏判据为: D=1 Di=ni /Ni Miner累积损伤理论是线性的; 损伤和D与载荷Si的作用次序无关。 ni 是在 Si作用下的循环次数,由载荷谱给出; Ni 是在 Si下循环到破坏的寿命,由 S-N曲线确定。 若构件在k个应力水平Si作用下,各经受ni次循环,总损伤为: ( i=1,2,...k ) D D n N i k i i = = ? ? 1 Miner 线性累积损伤理论的破坏准则为: D n N i i = = ? 1 A 0 1 D n N2 N1 B D1 D2 n1 n2
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