虚拟语气和情态动词课件.ppt

英语语法 English Grammar 第四章动词和动词词组 情态助动词 虚拟语气 动词词组 动词词组是以主动词（又叫实义动词）为中心词的词组， 它可以仅由一个主动词构成，这叫做简单动词词组。即：主动词。例如： He buys eggs every time he goes shopping. （一般现在时） The workers received a raise last year. （一般过去时） 动词词组也可由一个或一个以上的助动词加主动词构成， 这叫做复杂动词词组。即：助动词+主动词。例如： She is visiting us. They have been taking music lessons. You should have read the book. He needn’t have been waiting in the rain. 助动词 助动词的语法功能是协助主动词表示不同的语法意义或情态意义。（以主动词write为例） 1，体现“体”，比如表示某一动作正在进行(be writing) 或已经完成(have written)，完成进行体(have been writing) 2，“时”与“体”结合，如现在正在进行(am/is/are writing)。过去正在进行（was/were writing）等。 3，“情态”与“体”结合，如应该在做某事(should be writing)，应该做了某事（should have written）。 英语的助动词分为三类：基本助动词，情态助动词，和半助动词。 基本助动词 基本助动词只有三个：be，do，have。它们起着语法作用 或者说表示语法意义。比如助动词be通常用来协助主动词 构成进行体或被动态： I am listening to music. The students were praised by the principal（校长）. 助动词do通常用来协助主动词表示否定意义或构成疑问句： My wife doesn’t know Russian. What did she give to Halleck for his birthday? 助动词do还可以用来加重语气： You do look well. He did annoy everyone that evening. 助动词have通常用来协助主动词构成完成体或完成进行体： Joan has seen that movie. I have been working here for 20 years. 提示：如果有多个助动词，第一个助动词体现“时”。 半助动词 半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，比如have to，seem to之类。 I have to buy a new car. He seems to be disappointed. I don’t have to buy a new car. You will have to sell your house. 情态助动词 情态助动词共有13个，其中包括一些过去时形式，它们是can/could，may/might，will/would ，shall/should，must，dare，need， ought to， used to。 情态助动词表示情态意义，其过去时形式并不一 定就表示过去时间。情态助动词不能重叠使用； 随后的主动词无一例外地是不带to 的不定式即动 词原形。例如： It may snow before nightfall. She must know how to speak Italian. Would you let me use your pen a minute? When I lived at Del Mar, I used to take a long walk along the footpath under the pine trees. 情态助动词 情态助动词总的来说表达以下意义“可能性”，“频度（will, would, used to）”“倾向”，“职责”。例如： What he said may be true. 他说得话也许是真的。（可能性） Pauline will work all day without a rest. Pauline 总是能够不用休息整