Chapter3-供求基本原理.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Basic Elements of Supply and Demand Market Market Participants Consumers Firms Governments Foreign Sectors Market Goals of Participants Maximize individual benefit Constraints Limited resources Content A. The Demand Schedule B. The Supply Schedule C. Equilibrium of Supply and Demand A. The Demand Schedule 需求：在一定时期内，在各种可能的价格水平，人们愿意并且能够购买的商品量。 Demand exists only when someone is willing to buy and able to pay for the good . Demand is an expression of consumer’s buying intentions, not a statement of actual purchase. Demand Schedule Demand schedule defines the relationship between the market price of a good and the quantity demanded of that good. The Demand Curve The demand curve is a graphical illustration of the demand schedule. 需求曲线表示在其他情况不变条件下，在特定时期，某消费者在各种可能的价格下愿意并且能够购买的某商品的量的集合的曲线。 Law of Demand When the price of a commodity is raised, other things being constant, buyers tend to buy less of the commodity, and vice versa. Quantity and price are inversely related. Factors Affecting Demand Price Tastes (desire for this and other goods) Average Income (of the consumer) Prices of related goods Population Expectations (for income, price, tastes) Demand Function 需求函数：表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系的。 影响需求数量的各个因素是自变量，需求数量是因变量。 需求函数的数学表达式: Qd=f(P, a, b, c, …n ) P, a, c, d, …n代表上述影响需求的因素。 假定其他条件保持不变，仅仅分析价格对该商品需求量的影响，需求函数就可以用下式表示：Qd = f(P) Demand Function 在不影响结论的前提下，大多使用线性需求函数，其形式为： Qd = α－β·P 其中α、β为常数，α为截距，β为斜率倒数(相对于价格轴的斜率)。 Shifts in demand The demand schedule and curve remain unchanged only so long as the underlying determinants of demand remain constant. If the ceteris paribus assumptions is violated, the ability or willingness to buy will change. Then, the demand curve will shift to a new position. A shift in demand An increase in income shifts demand from D1 to D2. Changes in any of other determinants of demand would also cause the demand curve to shift. Movements vs. shifts It is important to distinguish shifts of the demand curve from move