机械英语方面文章.doc

Grinding is a manufacturing process that involves the removal of metal by employing a rotating abrasive wheel. The latter simulates a milling cutter with an extremely large number of miniature cutting edges. Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines. Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground, e.g. , cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines. Surface grinding. As the name surface grinding suggests, this operation involves grinding of flat or plane surfaces. Fig.8.1 indicates the two possible variations, either a horizontal or vertical machine spindle. In the first case (horizontal spindle), the machine usually has a planer-type reciprocating table on which the workpiece is held. However, grinding machines with vertical spindles can have either a planer type table like that of the horizontal-spindle machine or a rotating worktable. Also, the grinding action in this case is achieved by the end face of the grinding wheel, contrary to the case of horizontal-spindle machines, where the workpiece ground by the periphery of the grinding wheel. Fig.8.1a and b also indicate the equations to be used for estimating the different parameters of the grinding operation, such as the machining time and the rate of metal removal. During the surface-grinding operations, heavy workpieces are either held in fixtures or clamped on the machine table by scrap clamps and the like, whereas smaller workpieces are usually held by chucks. Cylindrical grinding. In cylindrical grinding, the workpiece is held between centers during grinding operation, and the wheel rotati