农业生态学国家精品课程讲稿(第三章).ppt

Connections: Food Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems Ecological efficiency=10% Loss? * * 国家级精品资源共享课 Primary producers 100 J 1,000,000 J of sunlight 10 J 1,000 J 10,000 J Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers * * 国家级精品资源共享课 The dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for the human population. * * 国家级精品资源共享课 Energy flow through a community Given that specified values can be obtained for net primary production and CE, AE and PE, it is possible to predict, using models, the pathway of energy flow at different trophic levels for different communities. From such modeling studies, which are supported by field data, the most significant finding is the overwhelming importance of the decomposer system. Overall, in a steady state community, losses through animal respiration balance NPP so that standing crop biomass remains the same. * * 国家级精品资源共享课 太阳辐射能 24% 52% 云层吸收 10 % 浮尘 15% 反射 25% 臭氧层、 水蒸气等 9% 24% 地球表面 47% 反射 4% 散射 6% 散射 17% 散射 损失 9% * * 国家级精品资源共享课 * 国家级精品资源共享课 * 一个稳定生态系统的能量流 分解者 消费者呼吸、热量 生产者呼吸、热量 腐生生物分解和呼吸及热量 生产者 太阳辐射能输入 消费者 消费者 消费者 未利用 未利用 * 国家级精品资源共享课 * * 国家级精品资源共享课 * Ecosystem Energy Flow 生态系统的能流 能流特征 逐级减少 单方向性 能流路径 * * 国家级精品资源共享课 国家级精品资源共享课 国家级精品资源共享课 第三章 能量流动 Chapter 3 Energy flow * * 国家级精品资源共享课 * 国家级精品资源共享课 * 一、能量转移 二、农业生态系统遵守能量流动的基本规律 三、食物是农业生态系统中的能量载体 四、农业生态系统的能源、能流途径和能效 五、农业生态系统的能流调控 主要内容 * 国家级精品资源共享课 * （一）能量转移 植物利用太阳能，通过光合作用生产食物能，食物能通过食物链和食物网，从一个营养级传递到另一个营养级。 太阳能 绿色植物 食草动物 食肉动物 一、能量转移 食草动物 食肉动物 * * 国家级精品资源共享课 The relationship between matter and energy Once energy is transformed into heat, it can no longer be used by living organisms to do work or to fuel the synthesis of biomass, the heat is lost to the atmosphere and can never be recycled. Life on Earth is possible because a fresh supply of solar energy is made available every day. In contrast, nutrients such as carbon can be reused. Chemical nutrients, the building blocks if biomass, can be used again, and recycling is a critica