金融英语-4-Economics and trade.pptVIP

A political business cycle(政治商业周期): a cycle that will be at a high point at the time of the next election. Governments can do this by beginning their periods of office with a couple of years of policies designed to stop the economy from growing, followed by tax cuts and monetary expansion in the two years before the next election. This sometimes called boom and bust(盛衰 交替). 4.7 Taxation 4.7.1 Direct taxes Governments finance most of their expenditure by taxation. Direct taxes are collected by the government from the income of individuals and businesses. Income tax(个人所得税), for Individuals on their wages or salaries, and other money they receive. Capital gains tax (资本收益税), on profits made from the sale of assets such as stocks or shares, which is lower than income tax. A capital transfer tax, usually imposed on inherited money or property, which is also named inheritance tax or estate tax. Corporation tax, paid by companies on their profits. National insurance tax, used to finance social security spending—unemployment pay, sick pay 4.7.2 Indirect taxes Indirect taxes are levied on the production or sale of goods and services. Value-added tax(商品增值税), which is added to the final price by the consumer. Sales taxes(营业税), collected by the retailers, levied on the retail price of goods. Excise taxes(附加税), additional sales taxes on commodities like tobacco products, alcoholic drinks and petrol. Tariffs 4.7.3 Non-payment of taxes Some employers give their staff advantages instead of taxable money, called perks, such as company cars and free health insurance, to reduce the amount of income tax. Tax avoidance(避税), is to use legal methods to minimize your tax burden(税收负担). Loopholes(钻空子)：ways of getting around the law; Tax evasion(逃税): using illegal methods 4.8 Business plans 4.8.1 Market opportunities Business plans begin with an Executive Summary, to explain your brilliant idea for some new areas. What sort of company it is What the product or service is, and what is special