有机化学Chap.01 Introduction.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 当然，爱情可能会破裂，但大脑的神经活动或相关记忆并不会随之消失，这也是失恋者痛苦的根源。更有甚者，尾状核与成瘾相关的区域始终保持活跃状态，对这样的人安慰说时间会改变一切是没用的。 * 爱尔兰科学家发表文章称，迷恋政治权利可上瘾，并且会对脑部产生对应影响，而其作用机理同吸食毒品类似。爱尔兰都伯林三一学院（Trinity College）的心理学家伊恩·罗伯特森（Ian Robertson）经过多年潜心研究，发现很多政治领导人和狒狒一样，对政权都有着极端迷恋度。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4. Polarity (极性) : 由于成键原子的电负性（吸收电子的能力，electronegativity）不同而引起共价键中电荷分布不均匀 成键的两个原子的电负性的差值越大，则键的极性越大。 * /faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro2.htm#strc3 * F Cl Br I C O N C?H Electronegativity Values 键的极性大小: * The dipole（偶极） of these bonds is often indicated by a partial charge notation (δ+/-) or by an arrow pointing to the negative end of the bond. * Bond Dipole Moments （偶极距，?） Due to differences in electronegativity Depend on the amount of charge and distance of separation ? = q?d A unit of dipole moment is the debye (德拜, D) 1D = 3.336 ×10 ?30 C ?m q: amount of electrical charge; d: bond length * Polarizability: bond breaking easy difficult Polarity: 5. Polarizability (极化性) :外加电场使共价键的电子云重新分布，从而改变键的极性 * Molecular polarity A polar molecule is a molecule which has a permanent dipole A molecule with separate centers of positive and negative charge is a polar molecule. * Molecular Dipole Moments Depend on bond polarity and bond angles Vector sum（矢量和）of the bond dipole moments Lone pairs of electrons contribute to the dipole moment No net dipole nonpolar molecule Net dipole polar molecule * * Dipole-dipole interactions（偶极-偶极作用力） London dispersions（伦敦色散力） Hydrogen bonding（氢键） Intermolecular Forces * Hydrogen Bonding（氢键） Strong dipole-dipole attraction Organic molecule must have N-H or O-H The hydrogen from one molecule is strongly attracted to a lone pair of electrons on the other molecule O-H more polar than N-H, so stronger hydrogen bonding * Hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonds Without hydrogen bond, life becomes impossible * Ⅲ. Types of reaction: 1. Reaction of radical type: radical Homolytic bond cleavage（均裂