国际经济学chapter3.pptVIP

Chapter 3 The Standard Theory of International Trade 标准模型是基于机会成本递增对李嘉图模型的扩展 Chapter 3 3.1 The production frontier with increasing costs 3.2 Community indifference curves 3.3 Equilibrium in isolation 3.4 The basis for and the gains from trade with increasing costs 3.5 Trade based on difference in tastes 3.1 The production frontier with increasing costs 1. Concept and shape Increasing opportunity costs PPF: Concave from the origin MRT: Increasing from left to right 机会成本递增时的PPF 2. Reasons for increasing opportunity costs Resources or factors are not homogeneous. Resources or factors are not used in the same fixed proportion in the production of all commodities. 3. Reasons for the difference in PPF of nations Different factor endowments or resources at their disposal Different technologies in production A国 B国 Y Y X X 4. Reasons for the shifting of PPF in a nation The supply or availability of factors changes. Technology changes. PPF的移动 3.2 Community Indifference Curves 1. Concept: CIC shows the various combination of two commodities that yield equal satisfaction to the community or nation. (1) Higher CIC means higher level of satisfaction; (2)Any two CIC never cross. 社会无差异曲线 2. Slope --- The marginal rate of substitution Concept : MRS refers to the amount of Y that a nation could give up for one extra unit of X and still remain on the same indifference curve. MRS = MUX / MUY = PX / PY Diminishing MRS A国 B国 3. Shape Convex from the origin : Declining MRS The different shapes of MRS in nations are determined by the difference in tastes. 4. Some difficulties with CIC under trade Trade will cause income distribution change and CIC change, so the CICs before and after trade will cross. Solutions: (1)