细菌的生物学性状.ppt

SIZE OF BACTERIA Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer,μm: 1μm=10-3mm Size: Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external environment. Structure of Bacteria Particular structures capsule 荚膜 flagella 鞭毛 pili 菌毛 spore 芽胞 细 菌 的 结 构(bacteria’s structure) 细菌的基本结构(Essential structure)（细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、核质、核蛋白体和质粒） √ 细菌的特殊结构(Particular structure)（荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛、芽孢） √ Functions of Cell Wall Maintaining the cells characteristic shape- the rigid wall compensates for the flexibility of the phospholipid membrane and keeps the cell from assuming a spherical shape Countering the effects of osmotic pressure Providing attachment sites for bacteriophages Providing a rigid platform for surface appendages- flagella, fimbriae, and pili all emanate from the wall and extend beyond it Play an essential role in cell division Be the sites of major antigenic determinants of the cell surface。 Resistance of Antibiotics Wall-less forms of Bacteria. When bacteria are treated with 1) enzymes that are lytic for the cell wall e.g. lysozyme or 2) antibiotics that interfere with biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, wall-less bacteria are often produced. Usually these treatments generate non-viable organisms. Wall-less bacteria that can not replicate are referred to as spheroplasts (when an outer membrane is present) or protoplasts (if an outer membrane is not present). Occasionally wall-less bacteria that can replicate are generated by these treatments (L forms). Plasmid 5.细胞壁(cell wall)的功能(function): (1)? 维持菌体的固有形态及抵抗低渗环境; (2)?参与菌体内外物质交换； (3)带有多种抗原，诱发机体产生免疫应答并与血清分型有关（如?磷壁酸、M蛋白）。 (4)??参与细菌的致病：LTA具有粘附致病作用; M蛋白具有抗吞噬作用，并对Tcel及Bcel等免疫细胞有生物活性作用。 6．细胞壁缺陷型细菌（L型细菌L-formed bacteria） √ ： (1)形成原因:肽聚糖结构受理化或生物因素(例青霉素(penicillin)和溶菌酶(lysozyme) )的破坏及合成被抑制 (2)?形态:多型性;均为G－阴性；去除诱导因素后，L型可回复为原菌 L型葡萄球菌 葡萄球菌 (3)培养特性(properties of culturing): ①需提高培养基的渗透压(补充3-5%NaCl,10-20%的蔗糖;另加10-20%的人或马血清); ②菌落特点:荷包蛋样菌落或在液体培养基中呈疏松的絮状颗粒、沉于管底而培养基澄清。 原菌菌落 荷包蛋样L型菌落 (4)致病性(pathogenesis)