物理化学英文课件.pptVIP

Definition of Physical Chemistry Physical chemistry stands in the same relation to the subdivisions of chemistry in which philosophy stands toward all the sciences. Its main object is to unify thought within the science of chemistry; therefore, it might well be named, the “philosophy of chemistry” - S.L. Bigelow, 1912 The Properties of Gases Equations of State Bulk Variables Volume - m3 Pressure - Pa Temperature - K Composition - moles Volume length3 units m3 or cm3 liter = 1000 cm3 molar volume Vm= V/n Pressure Force/Area units Pascal = Newton/m2 = Joule/m3 atmosphere = 101325 Pa bar = 100000 Pa mm Hg torr Temperature thermometryT ~ Volume only for an ideal gas or real gases in the low pressure limit Composition moles: niS ni = n mole fraction: xiS xi = 1 partial pressure: piS pi = p Equations of State P,V,T, and n are not independent. Any three will determine the fourth. An equation of state is an equation that relates P,V,T, and n for a given substance. Gases have the simplest equations of state. The simplest equation of state is the ideal gas law, pV = nRT Ideal Gas Law p = pressure V = volume n = moles T = temperature R = universal gas contant = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K Partial Pressure pA = partial pressure of gas A V = total volume nA = moles of gas A T = temperature R = universal gas contant = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K Dalton’s Law The total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressure. Ideal Gas Model Molecules may be treated as point masses relative to the volume of the system. Molecular collisions are elastic, i.e. kinetic energy is conserved. Intermolecular forces of attraction and repulsion have negligible on the molecular motion. Compressibility The compressibility of a gas is defined by Argon Compressibility 273 K Intermolecular Forces Taylor Series Taylor Series Example Convergence of (1-x)-1 Virial Expansion Virial Expansion Relation of p and 1/V Expansions Second Virial Coefficients B Virial Expansion Advantages fits gas dat