Introduction to Knowledge Representation：知识表示方法的介绍.pptVIP

Introduction to Knowledge Representation 11th September 2006 Dr Bogdan L. Vrusias b.vrusias@surrey.ac.uk Contents Defining Knowledge Representation Knowledge Representation Schemes Semantic Networks Taxonomy Ontology Knowledge Representation A representation is a set of conventions about how to describe a class of things. A description makes use of the conventions of a representation to describe some particular thing. (Winston 1992:16). Good representations make important objects and relations explicit, expose natural constraints, and bring objects and relations together (ibid: 45) The representation principle: Once a problem is described using an appropriate representation, the problem is almost solved. Starting with an Example The Farmer, The Fox, The Goose and The Grain: The farmer must get a fox, a goose and a sack of grain across a river, however his boat is small and he can only carry one thing at a time. His problem is that if he leaves the fox with the goose the goose will be eaten, and if he leaves the goose with the grain, the grain will be eaten… A good representation makes it easier for us to solve the problem: Draw possible safe combinations in a diagram. Arrange appropriate combinations in order. Link appropriate arrangements to represent boat trips. Problem is solved! Knowledge Representation Schemes A number of knowledge representation schemes (or formalisms) have been used to represent the knowledge of humans in a systematic manner. This knowledge is represented in a knowledge base such that it can be retrieved for solving problems. Amongst the well-established knowledge representation schemes are: Production Rules Semantic Networks Frames Conceptual Dependency Grammar Conceptual Graphs Ontology Predicate and Modal Logic Conceptual or Terminological Logics XML / RDF Semantic Networks Ross Quillian (1966 and 1968) was among the early AI workers to develop a computational model which represented concepts as hierarchical networks. This mode