电子显微分析（章晓中）教学课件chapter1.pdfVIP

Chapter 1 Basic Electron Optics 1.1 Resolution (分辨率) •Resolution of human eyes : 0.1-0.2mm •What is the resolution of optical lens? Rayleigh criterion （瑞利判据） Lord Rayleigh, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 Two point objects are just resolved when the first dark fringe in the diffraction pattern of one falls directly on the central bright fringe in the diffraction pattern of the other. Theoretical resolution of optical microscope 0.61 0.61  =d; d   n sin NA NA =d : wavelength of the light n: refractive index of the medium between the object and the objective lens : semi-angle NA=nsin : numerical aperture For glass lens: ~90º，sin~0.95. When the medium is air, n=1, the resolution is 0.61 1 d  ~  1 0.95 2 Wavelength of visible light: 4000—8000 Å Resolution of optical microscope is ~2000Å To improve the resolution, use short wavelength ! X-ray: wavelength is ~Å, but cannot be focused. Electron: wavelength is ~10-2Å, can be focused! Wavelength of electron h  mv ’ -34 h: Plank s constant (6.62610 J.s) m: mass of moving electron v: velocity of moving electron In TEM, we impart momentum to the electron by accelerating it through a accelerating voltage V, giving it a potential energy eV. This potential energy must equal the kinetic energy. 1 2 eV mv