电子显微分析（章晓中）教学课件chapter15.pdfVIP

5.5 Limitation of kinematical theory of diffraction contrast The diffraction intensity at low surface of perfect crystalline specimen: 2 2 2  sin (st) I A  g g  2 (s)2 g When s=0, 2 2 (t) I A  g g  2 g t  I  This is not reasonable because I  I . g g 0 According to the energy conservation principle (能量守恒原 理), (t)2 ≤1 （the intensity of incident beam is normalized to 1). 2 g i.e. t g ~ g 3  When V=100kV, the extinction distance  of most g materials is 150-500Å. So if you want to apply the kinematical theory of diffraction contrast in the case of s=0, the thickness of your specimen should be less than 100Å . In fact, most TEM specimen has a thickness of a few hundred Å or even thicker (~10  ). g The kinematical theory of diffraction contrast can not been applied in the case of s=0. • In kinematical theory, the distance between two thickness fringes is 1/s. when s0, 1/s . This is not reasonable. • There is interaction between the two beams. • There is absorption in the specimen. The kinematical theory of diffraction contrast can not deal with above mentioned difficulties, so dynamical theory of diffraction contrast was developed. 5.6 Dynamical theory of diffraction contrast Assumptions: • Use two beam approximation, i.e. th