质量管理 Quality Management Variables Control Charts.pptVIP

Chapter 8 Variables Control Charts Sections Introduction Variables Charts and the PDSA Cycle Subgroup Size and Frequency Xbar and R Charts Xbar and S Charts Individuals and Moving Range Charts Revising Control Limits for Variables and Control Charts Collecting Data: Rational Subgrouping Summary Key Terms Exercises References Appendix A8.1: Using Minitab for Variables Charts Chapter Objectives To distinguish between attribute data and variables data To discuss variables charts and the PDSA cycle To discuss the determination of subgroup size and the frequency of subgroup selection To discuss and illustrate the construction and interpretation of Xbar and R charts To discuss and illustrate the construction and interpretation of Xbar and s charts To discuss and illustrate the construction and interpretation of individuals and moving range charts To discuss the conditions for revision of control limits for variables charts To discuss rational subgrouping of data Introduction Variables (measurement) data consist of numerical measurements such as weight, length, width, height, time, temperature, and electrical resistance. Variables data contain more information than attribute data, which either classify a process’s output as conforming or nonconforming, or count the number of imperfections. There are three principal types of variables control charts: The and R chart The and s chart The Individuals and moving range chart All are used in the never-ending spiral of process improvement, aka the Taguchi Loss Function. Organizations will use attribute control charts to control and stabilize factors such as the proportion of defectives or the number of defects. However, as that proportion becomes smaller as a result of these efforts, a controlled process producing a very low fraction of defective units will require very large subgroups to detect those defectives. The only way to overcome the need for larger and larger subgroups is to continue upward on the spira