机械工程英语part1 unit15-16.docxVIP

Unit15 Unconventional Machining ProcessesThe recent increase in the use of hard, high-strength, and temperature-resistant materials in engineering has necessitated the development of new machining techniques. 工程中使用的高硬度、高强度和高温材料的日益增加，使新机加工技术的研发就成为必要。With the exception of grinding, conventional methods of removing material from a workpiece are not readily applicable to these new materials.Even when such machining is possible, it is usually slow and highly inefficient.除磨削之外，传统的加工方法就不能（很容易地）应用到这些新材料上。即使某种加工方法可行，通常它加工的速度也是很慢且效率也是很低的。Although most of the new machining processes have been developed specifically for materials that are difficult to be machined, some of them have been use in the productions of complex shapes and cavities in softer, more readily machined materials.尽管开发了一些难加工材料的加工工艺，但这些加工工艺仍是用于较软的和相对容易加工的材料的复杂形状和型腔加工上。These processes are termed as unconventional or non-traditional machining methods.这些工艺被称作非常规或非传统的加工方法（特种加工）。Ultrasonic machining, electron-beam machining, plasma-jet machining, and laser machining are all examples of these new processes. 超声波加工、电子束加工、等离子体加工和激光加工都是属于特种加工。Another modern process is chemical etching, which, unlike the others, was developed primarily for producing complex integral shapes in soft materials, namely, aluminum alloys, for the aircraft industry.另一种现代加工方法是化学刻蚀法，与其它方法不同，它原来是为用软材料即铝合金、为飞机制造业生产形状复杂的整体零件而开发的。Electrical-machining ProcessesThe term electrical machining may be applied to a group of processes that employ an electric current or discharge to remove material.电加工这一术语适用于使用电流或放电以去除材料的一类加工方法。Removal of material through an electric current or discharge eliminates the inefficient conversion of electrical power to mechanical power characteristic of conventional machining and metal-deformation processes.传统加工和金属变形工艺的特征就是电能转换为机械能，通过电流或放电去除材料就消除了这种转换的低效率。The elimination of the mechanical stage also overcomes one difficulty inherent in conventional machining, namely, the increase in tool forces and tool wear encountered when mach