英汉语言差异3-形合意合_conv.doc

英汉语言差异三 Hypotactic vs paratactic （形合与意合） “就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言上最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis）。” －－－奈达 Translating Meaning Hypotactic----the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, “Is she unhappy if you don’t come” （复句中成分之间的关系用一种公式，即连接词来连接） 《英语语言学词汇》对形合（hypotaxis）的释义为：“复句中同等句或从属句之间需要一种方式表达它们之间的句法关系。”这里所谓“一种方式”是指使用功能词（function word）加以“明示”的句法方式，如and, but, if, when等和某些特定的短语。这些功能词语表示不同的功能或意念，如因果、比较、转折、让步、条件等。 The American Heritage Dictionary中对形合定义为：“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come.” Paratactic----The arraging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the logical relation between them. (分句与分句之间不用连接词来表示相互之间的逻辑关系). 《词汇》一书对意合（parataxis）的释义为：“分句中间不用连词”，即指句与句之间的种种逻辑关系“隐含”于上下文之中。The World Book Dictionary中对意合定义为：“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away.” English tends to be hypotactic while Chinese tends to be paratactic. We should remember the tendency in the two languages is relative not absolute. The structure of English is compared to a tree with various branches on different levels, while Chinese is compared to a bamboo with one part after another. e.g. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us: that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly revolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address ) We should live each day with gentleness, a vigor, and a keenness or appreciation which are often lost when time stretches befor