语言学考试准备语言学考试准备.docVIP

语言学课程内容 第一章 记忆 Phonetics(语音)：PHONETICS studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. Phonology（音韵，音系学）：PHONOLOGY studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. Morphology（词形，形态学）：MORPHOLOGY is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes. Syntax（句法）：SYNTAX is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. Semantics（语义学）：SEMANTICS examines how meaning is encoded in a language. Pragmatics(语用学)：PRAGMATICS is the study of meaning in context. 概念辨析 prescriptive vs. descriptive ：Do/Don’t say X. —— prescriptive People do/don’t say X. —— descriptive synchronic vs. diachronic： SYNCHRONIC: the study of a language at a fixed instance (usu. the present) DIACHRONIC: the study of a language through the course of its history competence vs. performance：COMPETENCE: a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules PERFORMANCE: the actual use of language in concrete situations langue vs. parole：LANGUE: language as a whole shared by a community of native speakers PAROLE: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterance) 思考 1）什么是语言的design features？分别解释语言的design features (如creativity, duality, displacement)并举例说明。 Design features: features which help define human languages. Creativity : language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Duality : the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization Displacement : human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at