量子测量问题的研究及应用量子测量问题的研究及应用.pdfVIP

量子测量问题的研究及应用 孙 　昌 　璞 ( 中国科学院理论物理研究所　北京　100080) ( 摘　要 　　文章结合最近完成的量子测量实验 如用冷原子 Bragg 散射实现的“whichway ”实验和用 C60 分子完成的 ) 小系统量子干涉实验 , 比较系统地介绍了量子测量问题及其相关的基本概念和基本思想,如量子相干、量子退相干 和量子纠缠. 从理论和实验结合的角度 ,讨论了外部环境和内部运动怎样诱导量子退相干和量子耗散 , 由此探讨了 “薛定谔猫佯谬”和“宏观物体空间局域化描述”的物理解释. 最后 ,文章简单地描述了量子计算和量子通信等基本量子 信息过程 ,并讨论了量子退相干效应对它们的影响. 关键词 　　量子测量 ,量子相干与退相干 ,量子纠缠 ,量子信息 PROBL EMS IN QUANTUM MEASUREMENT AND APPL ICATIONS SUN ChangPu ( ) Instit ute of Theoretical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijin g 　100080 Abstract 　　In connection with the recent experiments on quantum measurement , such as the “which - way ”de tection using the Bragg scattering of cold atoms and quantum interference using a small molecular C quantum 60 system , we introduce the quantum measurement problem and its relevant fundamental concepts and ideas , such as quantum coherence , quantum decoherence and quantum entanglement . In order to understand the loss of quantum coherence for a quantum system due to its interaction with another system behaving classically or macroscopically , we discuss some quantum dynamical models to describe the quantum decoherence and quantum dissipation induced by couplings to the external environment or inner motions. In the classical or macroscopic limit , it is shown that the wave function of the total system formed by the quantum system plus another system interacting with it is