批判性思维_A Course on Critical Thinking_(Chaper2).pptVIP

Recap（本讲小结） Claims are statements that we may accept as either true or false. When we consider a claim’s truth or falsity, we are facing an issue, which can be defined as any matter of controversy or uncertainty. It is very important to identify exactly what issue we’re discussing before we try to deal with it. When someone believes a claim, that claim is said to state the person’s opinion. If the claim is true, we say it states a fact. Subjective claims express a person’s tastes or preferences. If there are generally agreed upon ways of determining whether a claim is true or false, then we say the claim is objective and is about the fact. Issues about factual matters关于事实的议题 When there are established methods for settling it – that is, when there are generally accepted criteria or standards on which the issue can be judged.（在原则上或者说逻辑上总是可判定的，即使在现实中可能做不到） 比如“火星由乳酪构成”、“Julius Caesar被谋杀前一天洗澡”等。 有关事实的主张不一定是真的。 关于纯粹看法的议题 比如，Moore认为作为宠物，狗比猫好；而Parker则认为猫比狗好。 There is no set of facts we could determine and no generally accepted method or standard we might employ that would enable us to decide the issue definitively one way or the other.（在原则上或逻辑上无法有效确定这样的议题） 区分事实和看法的一种方案 When two people disagree about a factual matter, it is certain that at least one of them is wrong; that is, two conflicting opinions about a matter of fact cannot both be correct. （关于事实的两种有冲突的看法不可能同时真） We allow two people to hold conflicting opinions about matters of pure opinion, we don’t say that either of them is wrong.（关于纯粹看法的两种不一致的看法可以同时成立） Objective and Subjective Claims事实和主观主张 Claims about factual matters（事实内容） are also known as objective claims.（客观主张） Claims about factual matters of pure opinion are known as subjective claims.（主观主张） Note: many students assume that a claim is subjective—a matter of pure opinion（纯粹观点问题）—simply because it’s controversial（仅仅因为它是有争议的）. That is a bad mistake! “Everyone’s Entitled…”极端的相对主义 任何人有资格拥有自己的看法（在一定程度上正确） 有些看法是不聪明的、不现实的、不人道的…How could one be “entitled” to the opi