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EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David …：探索心理学（第七版模块）戴维…
1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. _______ 5. ________ 6. _______ 7. _______, 8.______ 9. _______ 1. Auditory canal 2. Eardrum 3. Oval Window 4. Cochlea 5. Auditory Nerve 6. Semicircular Canals 7. Malleus Hammer) 8. Incus (Anvil) 9. Stapes (Stirrup) Long wavelengths = lower frequency, lower pitch Physical Characteristics of Sound Wavelength = pitch Different wavelengths of light result in different pitches. Short wavelengths = higher frequency, higher pitch volume Amplitude = Hearing The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Sound waves are compressing and expanding air molecules. Localization of Sounds Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound. Localization of Sound 1. Intensity differences 2. Time differences Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second can cause us to localize sound. The head acts as a “shadow” or partial sound barrier. Touch The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images Skin Senses Only pressure has identifiable receptors. All other skin sensations are variations of pressure, warmth, cold and pain. Burning hot Pressure Vibration Vibration Cold, warmth and pain Pain Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues. A rare disease exists in which the afflicted person feels no pain. Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain nor extreme hot or cold. AP Photo/ Stephen Morton Gate-Control Theory Melzack and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed. Small nerve fibers conduct most pain signals. Stimulating large nerve fibers closes the “spinal gate.” Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com Pain Control Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even thought distraction. Todd Richards and Aric
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