数值分析英文版chapter.pptVIP

* * * * 如： THG picture THG picture * * * * §1 .1 Errors and Significant Digits 1.1.1 Truncation error and round off error Truncation error: made by numerical algorithms, arise from taking finite number of steps in computation  Chapter 1 Errors * * computation sin x, where According to the expansion of sin x ( 1.1) But we have to use its finite items to approximate sinx, for example,compute sin0.5, set n=3, Eg.1.1 * * x is a radian, not degree. According to the Taylor’s remainder, ( 1.2) This result is very accurate. * * Eg.1.2 Taking only a few terms of a Maclaurin series to approximate If only 3 terms are used, * * Eg. 1.3 (Secant line) Using a finite to approximate P Q secant line tangent line Figure 1. Approximate derivative using finite Δx * * * Eg.1.4 (Differentiation) Find for using and The actual value is Truncation error is then, Can you find the truncation error with * * Eg. 1.4 (Integration) Use two rectangles of equal width to approximate the area under the curve for over the interval * Integration example (cont.) Choosing a width of 3, we have Actual value is given by Truncation error is then Can you find the truncation error with 4 rectangles? * * Round off error: using finite precision floating-point numbers on computers to represent real numbers  * * 1.1.2 Absolute error and relative error Definition 1.1 let x* be the accurate value (unknown), and x be an approximation to x*, then E = x -x* is called the absolute error of x*. In general, we can’t get the absolute error because we do not know the true value of x, but we can estimate the error with absolute error bound defined as follows: Definition 1.2 A positive number ? is called the absolute error bound of x* if ｜x*-x｜≤ε. * * Remark. In general, x* is unknown, so we replace x* by x, Can you give the reason? Definition 1.3 If x is an approximation to x*, then is called t