有机化学之分子颜色.pptVIP

* * Molecules and Colour Organic Chemistry UV/visible spectrum While many chemical compounds are coloured because they absorb visible light, most organic molecules appear colourless. / / Energy from photons is used to promote electrons from bonding or non-bonding orbitals into the higher energy anti-bonding orbitals. Increasing energy σ bonding orbital π bonding orbital non-bonding orbital σ* anti-bonding orbital π* anti-bonding orbital The σ and π bonding orbitals contain normal bonding pairs of electrons. The non-bonding orbital contains lone pairs of electrons. The σ* and π* anti-bonding orbitals are normally empty. Increasing energy σ bonding orbital π bonding orbital non-bonding orbital σ* anti-bonding orbital π* anti-bonding orbital Several transitions are possible, each with an electron being excited from a full orbital into an empty one. The σ bonding orbital is the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is the σ* anti-bonding orbital. While these organic compounds do absorb light, the energy transitions involved in promoting an electron from σ to σ* are very large. Excitations of electrons in compounds containing simple π bonds still involve a large transition to promote an electron from HOMO (π bonding orbital) to LUMO (σ* anti-bonding orbital), and thus these compounds also absorb in the UV region of the spectrum. Organic compounds that contain only σ bonds are colourless. Increasing energy σ bonding orbital π bonding orbital non-bonding orbital σ* anti-bonding orbital π* anti-bonding orbital These absorptions correspond to the UV part of the spectrum. Conjugated systems Organic molecules that are coloured contain delocalised electrons spread over a number of atoms. These molecules are known as conjugated systems. Previously we have considered conjugation in small molecules such as benzene. H H H H H H Conjugated systems For bonds to be conjugated in long carbon chains, alternating double and single