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Applications Automation Network Jin Ji Table of contents What is a bus? What is a fieldbus? The History of Fieldbus Why a fieldbus? Applications in automation 总线与通信 人的复杂：长恨人心不似水，等闲平地起风波 关系的复杂：侯门一入深似海，从此萧郎是路人 通信与此类似，总线使通信简单 What is a bus? A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables, printed circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple hardware components in order to communicate with one another.The purpose of buses is to reduce the number of pathways needed for communication between the components, by carrying out all communications over a single data channel. This is why the metaphor of a data highway is sometimes used Figure Addition If only two hardware components communicate over the line, it is called a hardware port (such as a serial port or parallel port). Characteristics of a bus A bus is characterised by the amount of information that can be transmitted at once. This amount, expressed in bits, corresponds to the number of physical lines over which data is sent simultaneously. A 32-wire ribbon cable can transmit 32 bits in parallel. The term width is used to refer to the number of bits that a bus can transmit at once. Additionally, the bus speed is also defined by its frequency (expressed in Hertz), the number of data packets sent or received per second. Each time that data is sent or received is called a cycle. This way, it is possible to find the maximum transfer speed of the bus, the amount of data which it can transport per unit of time, by multiplying its width by its frequency. A bus with a width of 16 bits and a frequency of 133 MHz, therefore, has a transfer speed equal to: 16 * 133.106 = 2128*106 bit/s or 2128*106/8 = 266*106 bytes/s or 266*106 /1000 = 266*103 KB/s or 259.7*103 /1000 = 266 MB/s Bus subassembly In reality, each bus is generally constituted of 50 to 100 distinct physical lines, divided into three subassemblies The address bus (sometimes called the memory bus) transports memory addresses which the processor want