Machine Elements翻译.doc

Machine Elements机械零件 Complex machines are made up of moving parts such as levers, gears, cams, cranks, springs, belts, and wheels. Machines deliver a certain type of movement to a desired location from an input force applied somewhere else. Some machines simply convert one type of motion to another type (rotary to linear). While there is a seemingly endless variety of machines, they are all based upon simple machines. Simple machines include inclined planes, levers, wheel and axle, pulleys, and screws.复杂的机器是由运动部件如杠杆，齿轮，凸轮，曲柄，弹簧，皮带，和车轮。机从施加别的地方的输入力提供某一类型的运动到所需位置。有些机器只是一种类型的运动转换为另一种类型（旋转到线性）。虽然是一个看似无穷无尽的各种机器，它们都是基于简单的机器。简单的机器包括倾斜面，杠杆，轮轴，滑轮，和螺钉。 Inclined Plane and the Lever倾斜面和杠杆 An inclined Plane decreases the force required to raise an object a given height by increasing the distance over Which a force must be applied(see figure 1.1.1). You can imagine lifting something twice your Would be much easier. For example,if lifting a 300-kilogram machine two and one-half meters into a truck,then750 meter-kilograms of work is required. If you use an inclined plane as a loading ramp ,which is l0 meter long, and neglect the small friction force,then 75 kilograms of force will be required to roll the machine up to the ramp. The total work is still 750 meter-kilograms, but the effort has been model fed so that the maximum force required is only 75 kilograms and not 300 kilograms. 一倾斜平面而减小，通过增加在其上的力必须施加（见图1.1.1）的距离，以提高物体的给定的高度所需的力。你可以想像的东西抬起你的两次会容易得多。例如，如果举起300公斤重机两个和一个半米远的卡车，然后工作750米一公斤是必需的。如果你用一个斜面作为装卸跳板，这是10米长，而忽略了小的摩擦力，再用75公斤的力量将被要求滚机到坡道。的总工作仍然750米 - 公斤，但努力已经模型馈送，使得所需的最大的力只有75公斤，而不是300千克。 图片 half effort but twice the distance半力，但距离的两倍 Full effort 全力 inclined plane斜面 Inclined planes are commonly put to use in cutting devices(e.g.an axe) and often two inclined planes are put back-to-back to form a wedge.In a wedge，forward movement is converted into a parting movement acting perpendicularly to the face of the blade. A zipper is simply a combination of two lower wedge