基本句型及其转换与扩大.doc

基本句型及其转换与扩大 基本句型 所谓基本句型就是分句结构中的几种基本“格局”， 也就是变化万千的句子的结构雏形。正是这有限的分句结构雏形及其转换形式，能够衍生出无限的实际使用中句子。现代英语的基本句型主要有5种。 主-动-补（SVC）结构 在SVC结构中，谓语动词通常是连系动词。例如： That car is mine. She is in good health. My brother has become an engineer. These flowers smell fragrant. All the tourists seemed pleased. 主-动（SV）结构 在SV结构中，谓语动词通常是不及物动词。 Iron rusts. Everybody laughs. The guests have arrived. Prices are going down. The children are sleeping. 主-动-宾（SVC）结构 在SVO结构中，谓语动词通常是及物动词，随后须跟宾语，带一个宾语的及物动词又叫单宾语及物动词。 I want a return ticket. Liverpool won the game. Nobody could answer the question. The train is building up speed. The plane is losing altitude. 主-动-宾-宾（SVoO） 在SVoO结构中，及物动词之后须跟两个宾语（间接宾语和直接宾语），这种动词又叫双宾语及物动词。 I sent him a telegram. Mary lent me her car. David showed me the way. Someone left you this note. I made myself a cup of tea. 主-动-宾-补（SVOC） 在SVOC结构中，及物动词之后须跟宾语和宾语补足语，这种动词又叫复杂宾语及物动词。 We made him our spokesman. They elected him president. He pronounced himself in favor of the plan. They painted the walls creamy white. The directors appointed him sales manager. 在上述结构中，任何一个成分都为分句结构中所必需，缺少任何一个都会破坏结构完整性。从这个角度看，状语在句子中通常并不是不可缺少的成分。例如 She speaks English fluently. 这是一个SVO+状语的句子，这个句子如果去掉fluently，尽管意义不同，其结构依然完整。但是有少数几个动词用在SV和SVO结构中，其后必须带有状语，否则意义不明。例如 I live in Beijing. Shakespeare lived in the 16th and early 17th century. They stayed in a hotel. The train leaves at six. He will be flying in Shanghai. 在上述SV结构，由于谓语动词的词汇意义，其后必须跟有地点状语或时间状语，否则句子结构不完整，意义不明确。因此，这类句子也可以称做SVA（A=adverbial）。在下列SVO结构中，状语成分也是必不可少的 I put the material evidence in front of him. He treated her vilely. 由于地点状语和方式状语在上述SVO结构中必不可少，因此这类句子也可叫做SVOA结构。 因此，基本句型主要有5种，但是如果后面两个也算做基本句型，那就应该有7种：SVC,SV,SVO,SVoO,SVOC,SVA,SVOA。 基本句型的转换与扩大 基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，这些句型都可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句。例如 The tourists have arrived. →Have the tourists arrived? →The tourists have not arrived. She gave him some money. →Did she give him any money? →She did not give her any money. →He was given some money. →Some money was given to him. 基本句型及其转换形式可以通过不同的语法手段加以扩大，使之成为千变万化的句子，表达各种各样的思想