by the time用法.doc

By the time 用法详解 by the time意为“到……时候（为止）”，是一个介词短语，在句中经常起连词作用，引导时间状语从句。它的主要用法如下： 1. 如果从句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，那么主句中的谓语动词通常用过去完成 时，表示“截止到从句动作发生时，主句动作已经完成，即过去的过去”。例如： 　By the time he returned home，the rain had stopped. By the time I got to the station，the train had already gone。 2. 如果从句中的谓语动词为一般现在时/或现在完成时（表示将来），那么主句中的谓语动词常为将来完成时，表示“截止到将来某一时间为止，主句动作将已经完成”。 　　By the time you get back，I shall have finished the work. By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. By the time of next term , we will have learned 3000 words. 3. 如果主句动作不强调已经完成，只是说明某个时候的状况，（主句是be的系表形式或者是表示像know, find, believe等表示认知的持续性动词，则往往用一般时态，不用完成时态。）此时主句不用完成时，而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态，此时by the time相当于when。 例如： He was out of breath by the time he reached the top.  By the time the bus came，so many people were waiting that it was a free fight to get on it. 公共汽车来的时候，等车的人很多，成了一场挤车的混战。 By the time he went abroad, he was fourteen.出国那年他14岁。 By the time the war was over , death and suffering were to be seen everywhere. 在战争结束的时候，到处可见死亡和饥饿。 这里没有“死亡和饥饿”已经完成的意思，只是描述当时这个时间点的状况。所以用过去时。 巩固练习： 1. （2005天津卷） By the time Jane gets home， her aunt _____for London to attend a meeting. 　　 A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left 2. By the time you have finished this book, your meal ___ cold.(2012四川卷) A. gets B. has got C. will get D. is getting 3. （2009北京卷） When I talked with my grandma on the phone， she sounded weak， but by the time we _____ up， her voice had been full of life. 　　 A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hang 4. ―Did you see Xiao Li at the party？ 　―No，_____by the time I arrived. 　　 A. she’d left B. she’s left C. she was left D. she must leave 5. By the time I saw the angry expression on his face，I_____ what I had to face. 　　 A. knew B. have known C. would know D. had known 6.（2008四川卷） The telephone_____， but by the time I got indoors，it stopped.