美国论文：冷战后美国对非援助政策的演变.docVIP

美国论文：冷战后美国对非援助政策的演变 【中文摘要】对非援助是美国外交政策的重要组成,也是其推行国家战略的工具。冷战时期,美国对非援助的政策具有明确的,主要集中在政治取向方面。冷战结束后,非洲的战略地位急剧下降,美国开始对援助区域进行调整,在非洲采取了收缩性的援助政策。同时,美国将对非的援助与贸易投资相结合,并进行间接干预,通过扩大对非贸易,实现其政治和安全利益。9·11事件发生后,美国又重新开始重视对非援助,并将其提升到与外交、国防同等的高度,援助成为维护美国安全的重要内容。美国对非洲的官方援助分为多边援助和双边援助。多边援助是指通过国际金融机构及联合国机构实施的非直接援助。具体内容主要包括为非洲设立的援助基金,提供的食品援助、维和援助、安全援助、债务减免以及地区项目等。另一种方式双边援助则主要由美国的相关政府机构或非政府组织通过多种途径来实现。其中,美国国际开发署(USAID)是其首要机构,采取的援助方式包括保护环境、加强受援国基础设施的建设、开发能源、防治艾滋病、培训劳动力技术等。此外,非政府组织形式多样的援助也是政府对非洲援助的重要补充,这一援助同样是直接的。美国对非洲的援助在一定程度上促进了非洲的经济发展,也有利于解决全球问题,但由于美国对非援助政策首先是为其国家战略服务的,所以不可避免地存在局限性。 【英文摘要】Africa-aid is an important element of U.S. foreign policy as well as a tool in its implementation of national strategy. There was a very strong political motivation in U.S. Africa-aid policy during the Cold War. After the Cold War, when the strategic importance of Africa faced a sharp decline with the end of the confrontation between the United States and Soviet Union, the United States began to make adjustment in its Africa-aid and a policy of contraction was deployed. By the meanwhile, the United States also made some combinations between aid, business and investments, direct supports and indirect interventions in regional affairs, as a way to enlarge its trade with African nations and to serve its political and security interests on the continent. After 911 terrorist attack, the United States reassessed its policy on Africa-Aid, and promoted it to the same level with foreign affairs and national defense. The foreign aid thus became one of the three pillars supporting the security of the United States.The U.S. government aid to Africa can be classified as bilateral aid and multilateral aid. The multilateral aid which is known as the indirect aid is mainly conducted through international financial institutions and U.N agencies in the fields of aid fund, food supply, peace-operations, security support, debt exemption and some other regional programs. The bilateral aid which is known as direct aid is operat