Flotherm 教程 Appendices.pptVIP

Appendices ? Flomerics Ltd 2001-2003 Fluid Properties Properties required to describe flow: normal shear stress (pressure) viscosity, m, (gives tangential shear stress) density, r plus, velocity of fluid flow, u,v,w temperature of fluid, T Governing Equations Conservation of Mass Newton’s First Law of Motion First Law of Thermodynamics Mass Consider small volume, ?x?y?z in space: Mass Mass of volume = density ? volume Mass = r dxdydz Assuming volume does not deform, rate of change of mass with time = Mass Mass into control volume Volume flow rate = velocity ? area Mass flow rate = density ? velocity ? area In x direction = r u dydz Mass Mass out of system Mass flow rate = density ? velocity ? area We need to account for change in velocity and density across the volume x velocity out = u + (?u/?x)dx density out = r + (?r/?x)dx Mass Mass flow out of the control volume Mass Net mass flow in x direction Net flow out = flow out - flow in Net flow out = Mass In three dimensions: Net flow out = Mass In + Made = Out + Accumulated Mass cannot be created, so In = Out + Accumulated Accumulated + Out - In = 0 Mass Accumulated + Out - In = 0 Or, rate of change of mass with time plus net flow of mass out equals zero Mass In the limit of an infinitessimally small volume, dxdydz ? 0, we can write This is the continuity equation Momentum Use Newton’s Second Law to relate forces on a control volume to the acceleration of the fluid Forces are shear stresses and normal stresses plus body forces such as gravity Momentum Normal stresses Momentum Shear stresses Momentum Net normal stress in x direction Net shear stress in x direction Plus body force in x direction Momentum Can express acceleration as rate of change of velocity Need to consider change of velocity in space and time Momentum Consider velocity in x direction, u change = change in space + change in time Momentum Divide by dt to give us the change over a small time dx/dt is equivalent to u