欧洲文化入门讲义二.docVIP

　第九章 1、Realism In art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally the difference between romanticism and realism. In Europe， the Realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于小说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (用现实主义创作现实) 　　2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. (错) and also in United States 　　3、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area. 　　4、The realist literary focus on (侧重于) novel writing. 　　5、The character realistic Stendhal (司汤达) of the method used by the realists. 　　6、“A novel is a mirror walking along the road”said Stendhal.(司汤达) 小说是映射现实的镜子 　　7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet. (哥斯塔王) 8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别 alism can be track back to the ancient times， but romanticism can not. And the realist‘s language was usually simple， clear and direct. 　　9、The European Communist movement，armed (武装) with Marxist thought in realism. 　　10、Germany and Italy， achieved their unification (完成统一) in realism. 　　11、Stendhal —→ Armance 　　French —→ The Red and the Black 　　—→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕尔玛大教堂) 　　12、Balzac —→ The Human Comedy (人间喜剧) 　　—→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影响 　　—→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗台) 　　—→ Le Père Goriot (高老头) 　　—→ La Cousine Bette (贝蒂姨妈) 　　13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French realism. (标志着法国现实主义的开端) 　　14、Balzac has been called “the French Dickens” as Dickens has been called “the English Balzac” 　　15、Flaubert —→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫人) 　　⊙ 写作特点：the right word or phrase (用词恰如其分) 　　⊙ Flaubert is called “the first French realist” (法国现实主义第一人) 　　　16、Zola —→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (罗根。马塔里) 　　⊙ Zola was the founder of the naturalist school. (自然主义流派的创始人) 　　1