双语教学课件学习课件PPT经济学10大原理.pptVIP

Part B: Ten principles of economics经济学十大原理 Cha 01 Introduction 2 经济学十大原理 [Ten Principles of Economics] 三个基本问题： 生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产 拓展： 以上三个问题是关于人们如何决策的问题 此外还要思考： 人们如何相互相互联系？ 影响经济总体的力量和趋势有哪些？ 2 经济学十大原理 [Ten Principles of Economics] How People Make Decisions People face tradeoffs. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Rational people think at the margin. People respond to incentives. 2 经济学十大原理 [Ten Principles of Economics] How People Interact Trade can make everyone better off. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes. 2 经济学十大原理 [Ten Principles of Economics] How the Economy as a Whole Works The standard of living depends on a country’s production. Prices rise when the government prints too much money. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. 2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions 原理一：人们面临权衡取舍 [People face tradeoffs] “There is no such thing as a free lunch!” 2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions 原理一：人们面临权衡取舍 [People face tradeoffs] “There is no such thing as a free lunch!” To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another. 效率和公平 Efficiency v. equity 效率 Efficiency 社会能从其稀缺资源中获得最多的产品 means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. 公平 Equity 经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性 means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society. 注意，若非理想中的共产主义世界出现，效率与公平将是一对永恒的矛盾，追求效率即会牺牲公平，追求公平又会牺牲效率。 2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions 原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西 ［The cost of something is what you give up to get it.］ Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives. Whether to go to college or to work? Whether to study or go out on a date? Whether to go to class or sleep in? 引出概念：机会成本 为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西（我们所能付出的代价——如时间、金钱等——有限，因而获得一种东西或满足某种欲望的同时必须放弃另一种东西或满足另一种欲望的机