货物分级Freight classification.docx

货物分级Freight classificationFreight classification values relate to the handling characteristics of freight and are one of the factors determining freight charges. 货物分级值与货物的搬运特征有关，它是确定货运费用的一个因素。Such classifications are taken as given in contract negotiations between shippers and carriers. Rate classification bureaus are made up of carrier representatives and enjoy immunity （[i5mju:niti]常与from连用: 免除，豁免） from antitrust prosecution [7prCsi5kju:FEn] 检举, 起诉.Transportation managers appear before the bureaus in attempts to have the classification of specific commodities or movements lowered. Shippers must also combat the carriers’ attempts to increase classification numbers. A typical issue was the classification of flashlights.When contract carrier rate and service negotiations are being considered, both rates and service are brought to the table for negotiation. 当契约承运人处理运费和服务谈判问题时，费率和服务两者均是谈判要涉及的内容。JIT practicesJust-in-time, JIT practices have both reduced transit times and improved the performance of on-time deliveries. JIT进货制既缩短了转运时间，又提高了及时递送的水平。Articles and checklists to help in the shipper-carrier negotiation process 有利于缩短承运人和托运人的谈判进程的条款与清单Contract durationContract terminationRenegotiation and reopening of contractTransportation service levelCarrier insuranceLead timesWaiver of termsDetention timeArticles and commodities coveredHow loss and damage claims are handledScheduled of rates and chargesEstimated transportation volumeBilling proceduresCarrier equipment and driversCarrier notification requirementsConfidential contractArbitrationAudit rightsPallet loadingProof of deliveryAdjustments to ratesBasis for chargesThe top criteria for selecting carriers, in descending orderOn-time deliveryCostSafetyTracking / communicationsReliabilityReputationClaimsService rangeCarrier’s financial stabilityQuality of operating personnelBackhauling capabilityEquipment availabilityFollowing is an example of a food processor contracting for air freight. After consultation, the following s