英语语言学总结.doc

语言学 Language—a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Nature of language Arbitrary. Systematic. Vocal. Symbolic. human specific for communication Design features of language Productivity/creativity. produce or understand indefinite sentences by using finite set of rules Duality. Sounds and meaning system Arbitrariness: no connection between words and meanings. Displacement. overcome barriers caused by space and time Transferability. Spoken and read, transfer into each other. Cultural transmission：Language and culture are closely connected. Languages are parts of culture， reflect culture and pass on from generation to generation by learning Function of language informative function(最重要) phatic function—maintain social relationship recording function performative function带来行为效果 physiological/emotive/expressive function recreation function(pleasure function) some basic distinctions in linguistic（ 前三个是老师重点讲的） langue and parole(语言和言语) ﹡Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to particular realization of langue ﹡Langue is the social, conventional side of language Parle is individualized speech ﹡Langue is relatively stable and systematic, whereas Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors ﹡Langue and Parole together constitute language ⑵synchronic and diachronic(共识语言学和历识语言学) ﹡Language can be studied at a given point in time or over time ﹡when we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic study(synchronic linguistics)[state of language at any point in history] ﹡when we study language developments through time diachronic study(diachronic/linguistics)[differences of two or more than two languages over time] ⑶competence and performance(能力和表现) ﹡competence—the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relati