数学分析 高等数学 微积分 英语课件 上海交通大学Chapter7c.pptVIP

Integration of irrational functions Rational substitution is the usual way to integrate them. Ex. Evaluate Sol. Let then Example Ex. Evaluate Sol. Strategy for integration First of all, remember basic integration formulae. Then, try the following four-step strategy: 1. Simplify the integrand if possible. For example: 2. Look for an obvious substitution. For example: Strategy for integration 3. Classify the integrand according to its form a. rational functions: partial fractions b. rational trigonometric functions: c. product of two different kind of functions: integration by parts d. irrational functions: trigonometric substitution, rational substitution, reciprocal substitution 4. Try again. Manipulate the integrand, use several methods, relate the problem to known problems Example Integrate Sol I rational substitution works but complicated Sol II manipulate the integrand first Example Ex. Find Sol I. Substitution works but complicated Sol II. Can we integrate all continuous functions? Since continuous functions are integrable, any continuous function f has an antiderivative. Unfortunately, we can NOT integrate all continuous functions. This means, there exist functions whose integration can not be written in terms of essential functions. The typical examples are: Approximate integration In some situation, we can not find An alternative way is to find its approximate value. By definition, the following approximations are obvious: left endpoint approximation right endpoint approximation Approximate integration Midpoint rule: Trapezoidal rule Simpson’s rule Improper integrals The definite integrals we learned so far are defined on a finite interval [a,b] and the integrand f does not have an infinite discontinuity. But, to consider the area of the (infinite) region under the curve from 0 to 1, we need to stu