托福听力+英语口译笔记速记符号.docVIP

口译笔记速记符号Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: ??Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. ??Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S? ?=? ?sum f? ?=? ?frequency ??Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf? ?=? ?compare e.g.? ?=? ?example dept? ?=? ?department ??Use only the first syllable of a word. pol? ?=? ?politics dem? ?=? ?democracy lib? ?=? ?liberal cap? ?=? ?capitalism ??Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres? ?=? ?presentation subj? ?=? ?subject ind? ?=? ?individual cons? ?=? ?conservative ??Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc? ?=? ?associate biol? ?=? ?biology info? ?=? ?information ach? ?=? ?achievement chem? ?=? ?chemistry max? ?=? ?maximum intro??=? ?introduction conc? ?=? ?concentration min? ?=? ?minimum rep? ?=? ?repetition ??Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd? ?=? ?prepared prblm? ?=? ?problem estmt? ?=? ?estimate bkgd? ?=? ?background gvt? ?=? ?government ??Use an apostrophe in place of letters. amt? ?=? ?amount contd? ?=? ?continued govt? ?=? ?government educatl? ?=? ?educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts? ?=? ?chapters egs? ?=? ?examples fs? ?=? ?frequencies intros? ?=? ?introductions ??Use g to represent ing endings. ckg? ?=? ?checking estg? ?=? ?establishing decrg? ?=? ?decreasing exptg? ?=? ?experimenting ??Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key. ??Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. ??Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the. ??If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lect