英国雅思培训机构的写作指南——Referring to Literature.docx

Referring to LiteratureOne important characteristic of academic writing is that all the sources of information that the writer has used need to be indicated, not just as a bibliography or list of references, but also in or alongside the text. In some cases the source will be the main subject of the sentence, in others the sources may be mentioned parenthetically (in brackets) or via a notation system (eg. footnotes). The more common verbs and verb phrases used in academic writing for referring to sources are given below. Note that different referencing systems are used in different disciplines. In the examples, the Harvard in-text referencing system has been used. Also note that the author as subject style is less common in the sciences.Ideally, your review should be evaluative and critical of the studies which have a particular bearing on your own. For example, you may think a particular study did not investigate some necessary aspect of the area, or that the authors failed to notice some problem with their results.General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ……The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ......During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ......In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .......A large and growing body of literature has investigated ......General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author)Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Recent evidence suggests th