Chapter 2 复习.docVIP

Chapter 2 Phonetics 2.1 What is phonetics? 2.1.1 Definition Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language （语言声音媒介）; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. 2.1.2 Three branches of phonetics articulatory phonetics：发音语音学 It studies the sounds from the speakers’ point of view. i.e: how a speaker uses the speech organs to articulate the sounds. Auditory phonetics: 听觉语音学 It studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view. i.e how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Acoustic phonetics: 声学语音学 It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves（音波）. airstream－lung－trachea－larynx The front of the larynx which is protruding in males is known as the “Adam’s apple”. The larynx contains the vocal folds. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through without causing vibration, “voiceless”. e.g. [p, s, t ] When they are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate , “voiced” e.g. [b, z, d] When they are totally closed, no air can pass between them, then produce the glottal stop (声门塞音） [?] The oral cavity： The upper part of the mouth: the upper lip—the upper teeth— the alveolar ridge (齿龈) — the hard palate (硬腭) — the soft palate(软腭) — uvula (小舌) The bottom part of the mouth: the lower lip— the lower teeth —the tongue—the mandible (下颌). The tongue is the most flexible: tip—blade—front—back—root. The nasal cavity ： The soft palate can be lowered to close the passage of air stream through the oral cavity so that the air stream is let out through the nasal cavity. e.g. nasal consonants [m] [n] [g] 2.3 phonetic transcription IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet. (p28) The basic principle: use a different letter for each distinguishable sound Two ways to transcribe speech sounds Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. widely used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. Narrow transcription: transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacri