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核磁经典教程 Understanding NMR Spectroscopy Keeler_ch7
7 Two-dimensional NMR†
7.1 Introduction
The basic ideas of two-dimensional NMR will be introduced by reference to the
appearance of a COSY spectrum; later in this chapter the product operator
formalism will be used to predict the form of the spectrum.
Conventional NMR spectra (one-dimensional spectra) are plots of intensity
vs. frequency; in two-dimensional spectroscopy intensity is plotted as a function
of two frequencies, usually called F and F . There are various ways of
1 2
representing such a spectrum on paper, but the one most usually used is to make
a contour plot in which the intensity of the peaks is represented by contour lines
drawn at suitable intervals, in the same way as a topographical map. The
position of each peak is specified by two frequency co-ordinates corresponding
to F and F . Two-dimensional NMR spectra are always arranged so that the F
1 2 2
co-ordinates of the peaks correspond to those found in the normal one-
dimensional spectrum, and this relation is often emphasized by plotting the one-
dimensional spectrum alongside the F axis.
2
δ δ
The figure shows a schematic COSY spectrum of a hypothetical molecule X A
containing just two protons, A and X, which are coupled together. The one-
dimensional spectrum is plotted alongside the F2 axis, and consists of the
δ
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