上海财经大学中级微观经济学课程课件(叶正茂)第七章.ppt

第七章 市场失灵 市场失灵的四种情形: 垄断 外部性（外部效应） 公共物品 不对称信息 §7.1 外部性Externalities An externality is a cost or a benefit imposed upon someone by actions taken by others. The cost or benefit is thus generated externally to that somebody. An externally imposed benefit is a positive externality（正外部性）. An externally imposed cost is a negative externality（负外部性）. Examples of Negative Externalities Air pollution. Water pollution. Loud parties next door. Traffic congestion. Second-hand cigarette smoke. Increased insurance premiums due to alcohol or tobacco consumption. Examples of Positive Externalities A well-maintained property next door that raises the market value of your property. A pleasant cologne （科隆香水）or scent worn by the person seated next to you. Improved driving habits that reduce accident risks. A scientific advance. Externalities and Efficiency Externalities cause Pareto inefficiency; typically too much scarce resource is allocated to an activity which causes a negative externality too little resource is allocated to an activity which causes a positive externality. Inefficiency Negative Externalities Consider two agents, A and B, and two commodities, money and smoke. Both smoke and money are goods for Agent A. Money is a good and smoke is a bad for Agent B. Smoke is a purely public commodity. Inefficiency Negative Externalities Agent A is endowed with $yA. Agent B is endowed with $yB. Smoke intensity is measured on a scale from 0 (no smoke) to 1 (maximum concentration). Inefficiency Negative Externalities Inefficiency Negative Externalities Inefficiency Negative Externalities Inefficiency Negative Externalities Inefficiency Negative Externalities What are the efficient allocations of smoke and money? Inefficiency Negative Externalities Inefficiency Negative Externalities Inefficiency Negative Externalities Inefficiency Negative Externalities Inefficiency Negative Externalities Suppose there is no means by which money can be exchanged for changes in smoke level.