columbia大学有机化学课件 （五）.pptVIP

Chapter 1Chemical Bonding 1.1Atoms, Electrons, and Orbitals Atoms are composed of Protons positively charged mass = 1.6726 X 10-27 kg Neutrons neutral mass = 1.6750 X 10-27 kg Electrons negatively charged mass = 9.1096 X 10-31 kg Atomic Number and Mass Number Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus (this must also equal the number of electrons in neutral atom) Mass number (A) = sum of number of protons + neutrons in nucleus Schr?dinger Equation Schr?dinger combined the idea that an electron has wave properties with classical equations of wave motion to give a wave equation for the energy of an electron in an atom. Wave equation (Schr?dinger equation) gives aseries of solutions called wave functions (y ). Wave Functions Only certain values of y are allowed. Each y corresponds to a certain energy. The probability of finding an electron at a particular point with respect to the nucleus isgiven by y 2. Each energy state corresponds to an orbital.  Quantum Numbers Each orbital is characterized by a unique set of quantum numbers. The principal quantum number n is a wholenumber (integer) that specifies the shell and isrelated to the energy of the orbital. The angular momentum quantum number is usually designated by a letter (s, p, d, f, etc) and describes the shape of the orbital. s Orbitals s Orbitals are spherically symmetric. The energy of an s orbital increases with thenumber of nodal surfaces it has. A nodal surface is a region where the probabilityof finding an electron is zero. A 1s orbital has no nodes; a 2s orbital has one;a 3s orbital has two, etc. The Pauli Exclusion Principle No two electrons in the same atom can havethe same set of four quantum numbers. Two electrons can occupy the same orbitalonly when they have opposite spins. There is a maximum of two electrons per orbital. First Period Principal quantum number (n) = 1 Hydrogen Helium Z = 1 Z = 2 1s 1 1s 2 p Orbitals p Orbitals are shaped like dumbells.