电离辐射防护与安全基础.ppt

* Discus the main elements and purpose of the crawler equipment and where they may typically be used (onshore and offshore). Briefly discuss the potential accidents with this type of equipment and how vigilant operation is required. * Discuss the main components of the equipment Discuss application of the different types of equipment presented in the slide (directional, panoramic and CP x-ray devices). The potential for serious injury when using x-ray equipment is very apparent when one considers the dose rate that x-ray equipment can produce. As an a Rigaku 250EGS2 250 kVp directional x-ray unit operating at 250 kVp and 5 mA produced a dose rate in air of approximately 1.2 Gy/min at 30 cm (with 2 mm Al filter). With only the 1mm Be window the dose rate was approximately 10.6 Gy/min at 30 cm. [Source: Radiation Health Branch, Department of Health Western Australia] * * Note the apparent lack of area warning signs and, although not obviously accessible, the gaps between the pipe and the source and detector housings. * * * For level detection, the beam is usually well confined to the volume of the detector to minimize scatter. One source with two collimators (one at an angle) or a vertical fan beam can achieve the same purpose. The means of attaching the source housings must be secure and able to withstand the environment. e.g. corrosion, heat, vibration, etc. * Survey of dose rates. Note dusty conditions (which can make source labels and warning signs illegible) and the area warning sign. Access to the useful beam is prevented by the pipe between the housing and the vessel. However, access into the vessel for maintenance purposes should be controlled. * No area warning signs visible * Combined measurement gauge. * * * * * * * * 见P31 * 详细资料：每年天然辐射中：1.81mSv---------年当量剂量中各辐射来源的比重（宇宙射线0.28mSv；原生放射性核素1.0mSv；陆地辐射0.26mSv；宇生放射性核素0.01mSv； * 飞机旅行：0.005mSv；大气核爆炸0.05mSv；医学诊断0.92mSv；核电站0.01mSv； * * 剂量限值 应用 职业人员 公众 有效剂量 20 mSv·a-1 连续5年内平均 1 mSv·a-1 50 mSv·a-1 在任一年 年当量剂量