医学科研方法-第一章绪论.ppt

流行病学的发展与变化;一 . 流行病学的历史及定义的发展 ;PRE-MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY 早期流行病学的探索;Hippocrates (460-377 BC) 第一个流行病学家;意大利威尼斯－最早的检疫;Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) 疾病观察;James Lind (1747);James Lind (1747);Edward Jenner (1796);Ignas Semmelweis (1840s);William Farr (1807-1883);John Snow (1848-1854);Louis Pasteur (1822-1895);Robert Koch (1843-1910);早期流行病学的探索; ;LANDMARKS OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY现代流行病学发展的里程碑;REVIVAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY: BEGINNING OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY 流行病学重新崛起: 现代流行病学的开端; Sir Austin B. Hill: The Father of Modern Epidemiology 现代流行病学的开山鼻祖 Austin B. Hill 爵士;HILL: THE PRIONEER OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGYAUSTIN HILL: 现代流行病学的开山鼻祖;Sir Richard Doll: The Godfather of Epidemiology流行病学泰斗、三朝元老 Richard Doll 爵士;REFINING OF METHODOLOGY AND BRANCHING OFF方法学不断完善, 学科开始分枝;1980s: THE HEYDAY OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY二十世纪八十年: 现代流行病学的黄金时代;Kenneth Rothman: The Philosopher in Epidemiology现代流行病学中的哲学家 Kenneth Rothman ;ROTHMAN AND MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGYROTHMAN与现代流行病学;LIMITATIONS OF ETIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY病因流行病学的局限性;THE RISE OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY临床流行病学异军突起;THE RISE OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY临床流行病学异军突起;MAJOR WORKS IN CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY临床流行病学的代表著作;A SCHEMA OF PROSPECTIVE STUDY 前瞻性研究示意图;RANDOM ALLOCATION DIVIDES RCT AND COHORT STUDY 随机分组: 随机对照试验与 前瞻性研究的分水岭;RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL随机对照试验;ACHIEVEMETNS IN CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY BY MID 1980s1980中期以前临床流行病学最显著的成就;RESUTLS OF 28 RANDOMIZED TRIALSOF NICOTINE CHEWING GUM (Tang. BMJ 1994;308:21-6);META-ANALYSIS META-分析应运而生 ;Sir Richard Peto: The Greatest Doer in Epidemiology临床流行病学的第一实干家 Richard Peto 爵士 ;RICHARD PETO: THE GREATEST DOER RICHARD PETO: 临床流行病学的第一实干家;CHALLENGE FROM SCIENCE科学对流行病学的质疑; Thus far, medicine was drawing very close to the one of greatest events in its history. 至此, 医学进入了一场巨大变革的前夜.;THE BIRTH OF EBM 循证医学的诞生;A STUDY THAT SHAKED THE ENTIRE MEDICAL WORLD1989年一项震惊整个医学界的研究;THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY该项研究的重要启示;1992: BIRTH OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE1992: 循证医学诞生;David Sackett: The Pioneer in EBMDavid Sackett: 循证