操作系统课件第13章.pptVIP

Chapter 13: I/O Systems Chapter 13: I/O Systems I/O Hardware Application I/O Interface Kernel I/O Subsystem Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations Streams Performance Objectives Explore the structure of an operating system’s I/O subsystem Discuss the principles of I/O hardware and its complexity Provide details of the performance aspects of I/O hardware and software I/O Hardware Incredible variety of I/O devices Common concepts Port Bus (daisy chain or shared direct access) Controller (host adapter) I/O instructions control devices Devices have addresses, used by Direct I/O instructions Memory-mapped I/O A Typical PC Bus Structure Device I/O Port Locations on PCs (partial) Polling Determines state of device command-ready busy Error Busy-wait cycle to wait for I/O from device Interrupts CPU Interrupt-request line triggered by I/O device Interrupt handler receives interrupts Maskable to ignore or delay some interrupts Interrupt vector to dispatch interrupt to correct handler Based on priority Some nonmaskable Interrupt mechanism also used for exceptions Interrupt-Driven I/O Cycle Intel Pentium Processor Event-Vector Table Direct Memory Access Used to avoid programmed I/O for large data movement  Requires DMA controller Bypasses CPU to transfer data directly between I/O device and memory Six Step Process to Perform DMA Transfer Application I/O Interface I/O system calls encapsulate device behaviors in generic classes Device-driver layer hides differences among I/O controllers from kernel Devices vary in many dimensions Character-stream or block Sequential or random-access Sharable or dedicated Speed of operation read-write, read only, or write only A Kernel I/O Structure Characteristics of I/O Devices Block and Character Devices Block devices include disk drives Commands include read, write, seek Raw I/O or file-system access Memory-mapped file access possible Character devices include keyboards, mice, serial ports Commands include get, put Lib