抗菌药物与抗癌药物PPT.ppt

抗微生物药的发现与医学的发展 (古代埃及木乃伊制作技术及消毒防腐/无菌技术) （磺胺与青霉素的发现） 药物、微生物、机体相互作用 基本概念与一些常用术语 抗菌药物作用原理 细菌耐药性 抗菌药物的合理应用; ; ; ; ;化学结构中含β－内酰胺环 包括青霉素类及头孢菌素类、头霉素类、碳氢霉烯类等 青霉素类母核6－氨基青霉烷酸 头孢菌素类母核7－氨基头孢烷酸 化构改造产生了不同抗菌谱的药物 杀菌活性强 毒性低 适应证广 ; ;History of the Discovery of Penicillin The history of the brilliant research that led to the discovery and development of penicillin has been recorded by the chief participants. In 1928, while studying Staphylococcus variants in the lab at St. Mary’s Hospital in London, Alexander Fleming observed that a mold contaminating one of his cultures caused the bacteria in its vicinity to undergo lysis. Broth in which the fungus was grown was markedly inhibitory for many microorganisms. Because the mold belonged to the genus Penicillium, Fleming named the antibacterial substance Penicillin. A decade later, penicillin was developed as a systemic therapeutic agent by the concerted research of a group of investigators at Oxford University headed by Florey, Chain, and Abraham. By May 1940, the crude material then available was found to produce dramatic therapeutic effects when administered parenterally （胃肠外） to mice with experimentally produced streptococcal infections. ;History of the Discovery of Penicillin （cont） Despite great obstacles to its laboratory production, enough penicillin was accumulated by 1941 to conduct therapeutic trials in several patients desperately ill with staphylococcal and streptococcal infections to all other therapy. At this stage, the crude, amorphous (非结晶型) penicillin was only about 10% pure, and it required nearly 100 liters of the broth in which the mold had been grown to obtain enough of the antibiotic to treat one patient for 24 hours. Herrell (1945) recorded that bedpans actually were used by the Oxford group for growing cultures of Penicillium notatum. Case 1 in the 1941 report from Oxford was that of a policeman who was suffering from a mixed staphylococcal and streptococcal infection. He was treated with penicillin, some of which ha