General Chemistry精品教学（王锦芝）教学Chapter-1-2.pptVIP

How many significant figures are there in each of the following measurements? a. 73.0000 g b. 0.0503 kg c. 0.02 % d. pH =12.30 e. 5.10 ×107m 从试样分析结果中扣除空白值，就能得到更准确的分析结果。 空白试验可以消除或减小由试剂，蒸馏水带入的杂质或实验器皿引起的误差。空白值一般不应很大，否则应提纯试剂或更换器皿。 Physical Measurements 3. Dimensional analysis (量纲分析) Dimensional analysis is the method of calculation in which one carries along the units for quantities. It is highly recommended that dimensional analysis is used in performing numerical calculations with physical quantities. 换算因子（Conversion factor），即分子和分母表示具有不同单位的同一物理量的分数形式。多用于同一或不同物理量之间的转换。 1 L 1000 mL 1000 mL 1 L 液体体积的换算：1L=1000mL （6） （3） （1） （2） （3） Question Do the indicated arithmetic and give the answer to the correct number of significant figures. a. b. 0.71 ＋ 92.2 c. 934 × 0.00435 ＋107 d. (847.89 847.73) ×14673 8.5 92.9 111 2.3×103 Summary A quantitative science requires the making of measurements. Any measurement has limited precision, which you convey by writing the measured number to a certain number of significant figures. There are different systems of measurement, but scientists generally use the metric system. The International System (SI) uses a particular selection of metric units. It employs seven base units combined with prefixes to obtain units of various size. Units for other quantities are derived from these. To obtain a derived unit, you merely substitute base units into a defining equation for the quantity. It is recommended that dimensional analysis is used in performing numerical calculations with physical quantities. 化学家依据物质结构及其属性进行定性和分类，涉及定性分析（观察时不进行测量，如物质物理形态，色泽）或定量测定（定性分析之后，进一步进行定量描述质量，如长度，密度，体积，时间）。 描述某一物质量：测定值包括测定数值和单位。 可测误差或系统误差：系统误差来自于分析时某些固定的因素造成，在同一条件下重复测定时会重复出现。 误差特点：非随机，可避免，或纠正。 系统误差的主要来源包括 仪器误差：由于测定所用仪器不够准确而引起的误差，如分析天平两力臂不等，砝码生锈，灵敏度欠佳，容量或衡重仪器未进行校正等。 操作误差：正常操作情况下由于主观因素或习惯不同而造成的误差，如操作者对颜色的辨别敏感程度不同，读取数据偏高或偏低等造成对终点到达的判断误差。 方法误差：由于分析方法不够完善而引起的误差。如滴定分析反应进行不完全，干扰物质的存在，或副反应等。 系统误差一般可通过设计空白试验，对照试验，校正仪器和改