胡壮麟语言学9.pptVIP

Gradable antonymy The commonest type of antonymy Has three characteristics: 1. the denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other, there is something in between. 2. there is no absolute criterion, they are graded against different norms. 3.one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. The cover term is “unmarked” or usual, and the covered one “marked” or unusual. In general, the cover term is more often used, and if the covered on is used, it would suggest that there is something odd or unusual. Gradable antonymy eg. old—young big—small near—far many—few good—bad long—short eg. How old are you? How big is your room? How far is it? How many students in your class? It proved how good we did in the test. Complementary antonymy The assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. eg. dead alive He was more dead than alive. I am half-dead. Converse antonymy Relational opposites There are always two entities involves, one presupposes the other. They are typically seen in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations. Husband wife teacher students Inclusiveness relation/ hyponymy The upper term/ superordinate The lower terms/ the members/ hyponyms A superordinate usually has several hyponyms. The members of the same class are co-hyponyms. Superordinate or hyponyms may be missing. Sometimes a superordinate may be a superordinate to itself or a hyponym of itself, and may be called autohyponym. Inclusiveness relation/ hyponymy Animalbird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant ... Meronymy neck: body; second: minute etc. The part-whole semantic relationship between two words is called meronymy. tree root trunk branch leaf root, trunk, stem, branch and leaf are co-meronymys of tree. Meronymy: X is a