激光原理课件chapter9.pptVIP

* Principles and Technologies of lasers Chapter 9 Solid-State, Dye, and Semiconductor Lasers High-density active media. 9.1. INTRODUCTION Relevant energy levels; Excitation mechanisms; Characteristics of the laser transition; Engineering details of the laser’s structure; Characteristics of the output beam; Applications. 9.2. SOLID-STATE LASERS Lasers having ions introduced as an impurity in an otherwise transparent dielectric-host material (in crystalline or glass form). Ions belonging to one of the series of transition elements of the Periodic Table, in particular rare earth (RE) or transition-metal ions, are generally used as the active impurities. Nd:YAG Nd:YVO4 Nd:YLF Ruby 9.2.1. Ruby Laser Ruby, Al2O3 (sapphire), is a common laser material in which some of the Al3+ ions have been replaced by Cr3+ ions. The amount of Cr3+ makes the crystal be in a pink color (pink ruby) or a strong red color (red ruby, gem stone). It’s a three-level system. It’s FWHM at 300K is Usually, it operates in a pulsed regime, pumped by xenon flashtubes. Due to the long upper-state lifetime, it readily suitable for Q-switched operation and due to the large laser linewidth, it produces short pulses (5~10ps) in mode-locked operation. Both active and passive methods can be used for Q-switching and mode locking. Peak powers: a few tens of MW for Q-switching; a few GW when also mode-locked. Ruby lasers are now not widely used since their higher threshold. They have substitute by Nd:YAG or Nd:glass. But ruby lasers have shorter wavelength so they have their application in holography (全息). 9.2.2. Neodymium Lasers (Nd lasers) The most popular type of solid-state lasers now. Some of Y3+ are replaced by Nd3+ in Y3Al5O12 (YAG, yttrium aluminum garnet). The typical doping levels in Nd:YAG are ~1atomic%. 9.2.2.1. Nd:YAG Laser Stark effect splitting Level E3: t ~230ms, very long lifetime, a good candidate as the upper laser level (since the transition is electric dipole i