神经元和神经胶质细胞-神经元 PPT.ppt

神经元的分类 1.按神经元突起的数目分：　 a.多极神经元 multipolar neuron b.双极神经元 bipolar neuron c.假单极神经元 pseudounipolar neuron 2.按神经元的功能分: a.感觉神经元sensory neuron :传入神经元 b.运动神经元motor neuron : 传出神经元 c.中间神经元inter neuron : 联络神经元 3.按神经元释放的递质不同分： a.胆碱能神经元 　b.肾上腺素能神经元 d.肽能神经元 c.胺能神经元 e.氨基酸能神经元 4.按轴突的长短分： a.高尔基 I 型神经元 b.高尔基 II 型神经元 Classification of Neurons by Morphology Classification of Neurons by Axon Length Golgi type I Neurons Long axons (longest from the cortex to the tip of spinal cord, 50-70 cm) Golgi type II Neurons Short axons (shortest axons terminate only a few micron from cell body, interneurons) Amacrine Neurons An unusual cell type, lack axons Sensory neuron from receptor to CNS; receive stimuli and transmit afferent impulses to CNS Interneurons communicating between neurons; form circuits in the CNS Motor neuron from CNS to effector cells; deliver efferent impulses out through the PNS to the effectors to carry out the actions directed by the CNS Functional Classification of Neuron EXCITABLE Membrane: Able to regulate the movement of ions (charges) across and along membrane SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION DO NOT Replicate: Damaged cells cannot be replaced! Important Features of Neurons Four Functional Regions of Model Neurons 突触 定义：突触是（synapse）神经元与神经元之间，或神经元与非神经细胞之间的一种特化结构。 1.胞体 2.突起 3.突触 Impulse transmission : electrical chemical Morphology : axodendritic axonsomatic axoaxonic dendrodendritic Classification of Synapses 分类：化学性突触、电突触 结构： 电突触:缝隙连接 突触小泡:神经递质神经调质 突触前成分 突触前膜 突触间隙 　　　 　 突触后成分:突触后膜、受体、酶 化学性突触超微结构模式图 化学性突触超微结构 synapse 4 Vesicles release Neurotransmitters Chemical synapse : presynaptic knob (presynaptic component) synaptic vesicles synaptic cleft postsynaptic membrane (postsynaptic component) El