基因工程原理chapter1.ppt

The principles of Gene engineering;References;What are expected of you;Evaluation;Chapter1 Gene Gene engineering ;Development stages:;Morgan’s findings and his contribution; Watson—Crick’s contribution. ; 2.Gene and DNA molecular ;Every organism possesses a genome that contains the biological information needed to construct and maintain a living example of that organism. Most genomes including those for all cellular life forms, are made of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid ),but a few viruses have RNA (Ribonucleic acid) genomes. DNA and RNA are polymeric molecules made up of linear, unbranched chains of monomeric subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has threes parts: a sugar, a phosphate group and a base. In DNA, the sugar is 2`_deoxyribose and the bases are adenine(A), cytosine(C), guanine(G), and thymine(T).;Nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds to form a DNA polymer, or polynucleotide. Which might be several million nucleotides in length, DNA in living cells is double—strand, two polynucleotides being wound around are another to form the double helix. The double helix is held together by hydrogen bonds between the base components of the nucleotides in the two strands. The base-pairing rules are that A base-pairs with T, and G base-pairs with C. The two DNA molecules in a double helix therefore have complementary sequences ;In an RNA nucleotide the sugar is ribose rather then 2`-deoxyribose, and thymine is replaced by the related base uracil (U). RNA polymers are rarely more than a few thousand nucleotides in length, and RNA in the cell is usually single-stranded, although base pairs might form, between different parts of a single molecule. ;The biological information contained in a genome is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of its DNA or RNA molecules and is divided into discrete units called genes. The information contained in a gene is read by proteins that attach to the genomes, this process was originally looked on as comprising tw