毒理学相关资料,第五章内容参考文献1.pdfVIP

IUBMB Life, 50: 279– 289, 2000 c Copyright ° 2000 IUBMB 1521-6543/00 $12.00 + .00 Critical Review Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Defenses, and Damage Removal, Repair, and Replacement Systems Kelvin J. A. Davies Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular Biology, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA growth modulation ; and apoptosis make it possible for us to enjoy Summary life in an oxygen-rich environment. IUBMB Life, 50: 279– 289, 2000 Oxidative stress is an unavoidabl e consequence of life in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Oxygen radicals and other activated oxy - gen species are generated as by-products of aerobic metabolism and Keywords Apoptosis ; DNA repair; free radicals; growth-arrest; exposure to various natural and synthetic toxicants. The “Oxygen proteasome; proteolysis. Paradox” is that oxygen is dangerous to the very life-forms for which it has become an essential component of energy produc - tion. The rst defense against oxygen toxicity is the sharp gradient OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE OXYGEN PARADOX of oxygen tension, seen in all mammals, from the environmental – Several million years ago, unicellular organisms in the pri - level of 20 % to a tissue concentration of only 3 4% oxygen. These relatively low tissue levels of oxygen prevent most oxidative dam- mordial seas began dumping a new toxic agent into the environ - age from ever occurring. Cells, tissues, organs, and organisms uti- ment. In a remarkable